soğdca

• bugün dilimizdeki birçok kelimenin kaynağı. çok gizemli ve sevimli geliyor. soğdlar ticaret ve siyaset yaptığımız marifetli ve yüksek kültür sahibi şirin bir kavim olarak canlanıyor zihnimde. sanki çok yakından tanımadığımız, ama bir araya gelince de sıkı fıkı bir sohbeti inşa ettiğimiz samimi insanlar gibiler. duman'dan hatun'u dinleyince, bir baba çocuğunu sıpa diye sevince, serçenin sesine uyandığımızda, kente uzaktan bir seyir attığımızda, ay sonuna borç ile girdiğimizde, akşam sofrada yahni varsa; soğdca da bizimle birlikte demektir.
• ölü bir dil imiş. ayrıca türkçe'de pek çok sözcük vardır soğdca kökenli... bu arada türkler'in ilk yazıtı olarak kabul edilen yazıt da bu dille yontulmuş (burgut yazıtı adı galiba, emin değilim ama "burgu"yla başlıyor; bahsi geçen yazıtın tam tarihini unutmuş olmakla birlikte orhun yazıtlarından en az 150-200 yıl daha eski olduğunu anımsayabilmekteyim.). buradan da bir zamanlar orta asya'nın lingua francasının soğdca olduğu anlaşılıyormuş...
• eski bir dil.
  
  soğdca türk tarihi için oldukça önemli bir dildir. soğdca bir çok metin var ve bunların hiçbiri türkçeye çevrilmedi. halbuki göktürk tarihini aydınlatmak için bunların yayınlanması şart.
• bir dönem göktürklerin ikinci resmi diliydi.
• kuzeydoğu iran'da konuşulmuş ve hint-avrupa dil ailesine mensup ölü bir dildir.
  
  türkçe'de soğdca kökenli kelimeler olmasının nedeni, bu dilin döneminde ipek yolu'nun lingua franca'sı olmasından kaynaklıdır. dolayısıyla ticaret sayesinde çin bile soğd dilinden ve kültüründen etkilenmiştir.
  
  soğdca'nın gramer olarak türkçe ile ilgisi pek yoktur. bir kere türkçe'de bulunmayan “grammatical gender” yani kelimelerin masculine, feminine ve neutral olarak ayrılması buna bir örnektir. aynı zamanda türkçe gibi sondan eklemeli bir dil değildir. yapısal olarak eski iran dilleri ile büyük benzerlikler gösterir.
  
  soğd (so??) kelimesi ilk önce darius'un fetihlerini anlatan behistun yazıtında bölge ismi olarak geçer. m.ö. 4. yy'da büyük iskender tarafından fethedilmiş olan bu bölge, m.s. 3. yy'da kushan, 3-4. yy'da sasani hakimiyetinde olmuştur. arapların 8. yy'daki işgaliyle birlikte islama geçiş süreçleri başlamış ve 10. yy itibarıyla dil ve kültür yok olmuştur. dil, bölgede yerini önce farsçaya ve sonra türkçeye bırakmıştır. işte dildeki farklılaşmanın “turco-sogdian” olarak adlandırıldığı ve türkçenin soğdca üzerinde etkisinin hem gramer hem de sözcük bazında yoğun olduğu bir dönem de yaşanmıştır. şu anda bölgede yerel halk tarafından konuşulan bu modern soğdca, yaghnobi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. tacikistan ve özbekistan arasında kalan bölgede bu dili konuşan kişi sayısı günümüzde 25,000 kadardır.
  
  ayrıca 19. yüzyıldan beri araştırılan soğd kültürü ve dili ilgili külliyat:
  
  émile benveniste, essai de grammaire sogdienne. deuxième partie: morphologie, syntaxe et glossaire, paris, 1929.
  
  ıdem, “le verbe sta- comme auxiliaire en iranien,” acta orientalia 30, 1966, pp. 45-49.
  
  mikhail n. bogolyubov and ol'ga ı. smirnova, sogdiiskie document s gory mug, ııı, moscow, 1963.
  
  mary boyce, a catalogue of the ıranian manuscripts in manichaean script in the german turfan collection, berlin, 1960.
  
  desmond durkin-meisterernst and enric morano, mani's psalms. middle persian, parthian and sogdian texts in the turfan collection, turnhout, 2010.
  
  robert gauthiot, essai de grammaire sogdienne. première paritie: phonétique, paris, 1914-23.
  
  ılya gershevitch, “sogdian compounds,” transactions of the philological society, 1945, pp. 137-49.
  
  ıdem, a grammar of manichean sogdian, oxford, 1954.
  
  badri gharib, sogdian dictionary, tehran, 1995.
  
  frantz grenet and étienne de la vaissière, “the last days of panjikent,” silk road art and archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 155-96.
  
  walter b. henning, ein manichäisches bet- und beichtbuch, abhandlungen der preußischen akademie der wissenschaften, phil.-hist. klasse, 1936 [1937].
  
  ıdem, “sogdian loan-words in new persian,” bsos 10, 1939, pp. 93-106.
  
  ıdem, “mitteliransich,” in b. spuler, ed., hanbuch der orientalistik, ı/4, ıranistik ı: linguistik, leiden, 1958, pp. 20-130.
  
  györgy kara, “aramaic scripts for altaic languages,” peter t. daniels and william bright, eds., the world's writing systems, new york, 1996, pp. 536-58.
  
  sergej klyashtorny and vladimir a. livshits, “une inscription inédite turque et sogdienne: la stèle de sevrey (gobi méridional),” ja 259, 1971, pp. 11-20.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian ınscription of bugut revisited,” aoh 26, 1972, pp. 69-102.
  
  kogi kudara, werner sundermann, and yutaka yoshida, ırango danpen shusei/ıranian fragments from the otani collection, 2 vols., kyoto, 1997.
  
  étienne de la vaissière, sogdian traders. a history, tr. james ward, leiden, 2005.
  
  vladimir a. livshits, “a sogdian alphabet from panjikant,” in mary boyce and ılya gershevitch, eds., henning memorial volume, london, 1970, pp. 256-63.
  
  ıdem, sogdiskaya èpigrafika srednei azii i semirech'ya, saint petersburg, 2008; english tr. as sogdian epigraphy of central asia and semirech'e, corpus ınscriptionum ıranicarum part ıı, vol. ııı, london, 2015.
  
  pavel lurje, personal names in sogdian texts, vienna, 2010.
  
  david n. mackenzie, “khwarezmian ımperfect stem,” in mélanges linguistiques offerts à émile benveniste, paris, pp. 389-95.
  
  ıdem, the buddhist sogdian texts of the british library, (acta ıranica 10), tehran/liège, 1976.
  
  dieter maue and nicholas sims-williams, “ein sanskrit-sogdische bilingue in brahmi,” bsoas 54, 1991, pp. 486-95.
  
  moqaddasi, a?san al-taqasim fi ma?refat al-aqalim, tr. basil collins as the best divisions for knowledge of the regions, reading, uk, 1994.
  
  enrico morano, “a working catalogue of the berlin sogdian fragments in manichaean script,” in maria macuch, mauro maggi, and werner sundermann, eds., ıranian languages and texts from ıran and turan: ronald e. emmerick memorial volume, wiesbaden, 2007, pp. 239-71.
  
  takao moriyasu, “uigurumoji shinkou” (a new study of the uighur script), in touhougakkai souritsu gojjushunen touhougakuronju/tohogaku ronshu. eastern studies fiftieth anniversary volume), tokyo, 1997, pp. 1226-38.
  
  takao moriyasu and ayudai ochiru, eds., mongorukoku genson ıseki hibun chousa kenkyu houkoku/provisional report of researches on historical sites and ınscriptions in mongolia from 1996 to 1998, osaka, 1999.
  
  f. w. k. müller, handschriften-reste in estrangelo-schrift aus turfan, chinesisch-turkestan ıı, berlin, 1904.
  
  ıdem, uigurica ı.2, abhandlungen der preußischen akademie der wissenschaften, phil.-hist. klasse, 1908.
  
  elio provasi, “sogdian lexicography,” in carlo g. cereti and mauro maggi, eds., middle ıranian lexicography. proceedings of the conference held in rome, 9-11 april 2001, orientalia romana 8, rome, 2005, pp. 101-46.
  
  ıdem, “sanskrit and chinese in sogdian garb. the transcription of ındic proper names in the sogdian buddhist texts,” in mauro maggi et al., eds., buddhism among the ıranian peoples of central asia, vienna, 2013, pp. 191-308.
  
  christiane reck, berliner turfanfragmente manichïschen ınhalts in soghdischer schrift, stuttgart, 2006.
  
  ıdem, berliner turfanfragmente buddhistischen ınhalts in soghdischer schrift, stuttgart, 2016.
  
  hans reichelt, die soghdischen handschriftenreste des britischen museums, bd. 2 die nicht-buddhistischen texte, heidelberg, 1931.
  
  nicholas sims-williams, “the sogdian fragments of the british library,” ındo-ıranian journal 18, 1976, pp. 43-82.
  
  ıdem, review of mackenzie, 1976, ındo-ıranian journal 20, 1978, pp. 256-60.
  
  ıdem, “on the plural and dual in sogdian,” bsoas 42/2, 1979, pp. 337-46.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian sound-system and the origins of the uyghur script,” ja 269, 1981a, pp. 347-60.
  
  ıdem, “some sogdian denominal abstract suffixes,” acta orientalia 42, 1981b, pp. 11-19.
  
  ıdem, “the double system of nominal ınflexion in sogdian,” transactions of the philological society, 1982, pp. 67-76.
  
  ıdem, “ındian elements in parthian and sogdian,” in klaus röhrborn and wolfgang veenker, eds., sprachen des buddhismus in zentralasien. vorträge des hamburger symposions vom 2. juli bis 5. juli 1981, wiesbaden, 1983a, pp. 132-41.
  
  ıdem, “chotano-sogdica (ı),” bsoas 46/1, 1983b, pp. 40-51.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian 'rhythmic law',” in wojciech skalmowski and alois van tongerloo, eds., middle ıranian studies. proceedings of the ınternational symposium organized by the katolieke universiteit leuven from the 17th to the 20th of may 1982, leuven, 1984, pp. 203-15.
  
  ıdem, the christian sogdian manuscript c2, berliner turfantexte xıı, berlin, 1985a.
  
  ıdem, “a note on bactrian phonology,” bsoas 48, 1985b, pp. 111-16.
  
  ıdem, “syro-sogdica ııı: syriac elements in sogdian,” in jacques duchesne-guillemin et al., eds., a green leaf. papers in honour of professor jes p. asmussen (acta ıranica 28), leiden, 1988, pp. 145-156.
  
  ıdem, “sogdian,” in rüdiger schmitt, ed., compendium linguarum ıranicarum, wiesbaden, 1989a, pp. 173-92.
  
  ıdem, “eastern middle ıranian,” in r. schmitt, ed., compendium linguarum ıranicarum, wiesbaden, 1989b, pp. 165-72.
  
  ıdem, sogdian and other ıranian ınscriptions of the upper ındus, 2 vols., london, 1989-2.
  
  ıdem, “chotano-sogdica ıı: aspects of the development of nominal morphology in khotanese and sogdian,” in gherardo gnoli and antonio panaino, eds., proceedings of the first european conference of ıranian studies ı, rome, 1990, pp. 275-96.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian ınscriptions of ladakh,” in karl jettmar et al., eds., antiquities of northern pakistan. report and studies 2, mainz, 1993, pp. 151-63.
  
  ıdem, “the triple system of deixis in sogdian,” transactions of the philological society 92/1, 1994, pp. 41-53.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian merchants in china and ındia,” in alfredo cadonna and lionello lanciotti, eds., cina e ıran, florence, 1996a, pp. 45-67.
  
  ıdem, “on the historic present and ınjunctive in sogdian and choresmian,” münchener studien zur sprachwissenschaft 56, 1996b, pp. 173-89.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian manuscripts in brahmi script as evidence for sogdian phonology,” in ronald e. emmerick et al, eds., turfan, khotan und dunhuang. vorträge der tagung “annemarie von gabain und die turfanforschung” veranstaltet von der berlin-brandenburgischen akademie der wissenschaften in berlin (9.-12. 12. 1994), berlin, 1996c, pp. 307-15.
  
  ıdem, “the ıranian ınscriptions of shatial,” ındologica tauriensia 23-24, 2000, pp. 523-41.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian ancient letter ıı,” in m. g. schmidt and w. bisang, eds., philologica et linguistica. historia, pluralitas, universitas. festschrift für helmut humbach zum 80. geburtstag am 4. dezember 2001, trier, 2001a, pp. 267-80.
  
  ıdem, “middle persian padisay and old persian vašna,” in ali ashraf sadeghi, ed., yad-nama-ye doktor a?mad-e tafa??oli, tehran, 2001b, pp. 59-65.
  
  ıdem, “the parthian abstract suffix -yft,” in john h. w. penny, ed., studies in honour of anna morpurgo davies, oxford, 2004, pp. 539-47.
  
  ıdem, “towards a new edition of the sogdian ancient letters: ancient letter 1,” in étienne de la vaissière and éric trombert, eds., les sogdiens en chine, paris, 2005, pp. 181-93.
  
  ıdem, bactrian documents from northern afghanistan ıı: letters and buddhists texts, london, 2007.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian potentialis,” in maria macuch, mauro maggi, and werner sundermann, eds., ıranian languages and texts from ıran and turan. ronald e. emmerick memorial volume, 2007a, wiesbaden, pp. 377-86.
  
  ıdem, “sogdian-turkish bilingualism and linguistic ınterference in 9th-10th century tunhuang,” in zohra zaršenas and vida naddaf, eds., jašn-nama-ye doctor badr-al-zaman-e qarib / papers in honour of professor b. gharib, tehran, 2008, pp. 40-51.
  
  ıdem, “christian literature in middle ıranian languages,” in maria macuch and ronald e. emmerick, eds., a history of persian literature xvıı. the literature of pre-ıslamic ıran, london, 2009, pp. 266-87.
  
  ıdem, ıranian manuscripts in syriac script in the berlin turfan collection, stuttgart, 2012.
  
  ıdem, “the vocative singular feminine in sogdian,” in v. naddaf et al., eds., ranj o ganj. papers in honour of professor z. zarshenas, tehran, 2013, pp. 87-93.
  
  ıdem, biblical and other christian sogdian texts from the turfan collection, btt xxxıı, turnhout, 2014.
  
  ıdem, the life of serapion and other christian sogdian texts from the manuscripts e25 and e26 btt xxxv, turnhout, 2015.
  
  ıdem, a dictionary: christian sogdian, syriac and english, wiesbaden, 2016a.
  
  ıdem, “from aramaic to manchu: prehistory, life and after-life of the sogdian script,” in rong xinjiang and luo feng, eds., sogdians in china: new evidence in archaeological finds and unearthed texts, beijing, 2016b, pp. 414-421.
  
  nicholas sims-williams, frantz grenet, and étienne de la vaissière, “the sogdian ancient letter v,” bulletin of the asia ınstitute 12, 1998, pp. 91-104.
  
  nicholas sims-williams and desmond durkin-meisterernst, dictionary of manichaean texts ııı/2. dictionary of manichaean sogdian and bactrian, turnhout, 2012.
  
  nicholas sims-williams, frantz grenet, and aleksandr podushkin, “les plus anciens monuments de la langue sogdienne: les inscriptions de kultobe au kazakhstan,” comptes rendus des séances de l'académie des ınscriptions et belles-lettres, 2007, pp. 1005-34.
  
  nicholas sims-williams and james hamilton, documents turco-sogdiens du ıxe - xe siècle de touen-houang, london, 1990. english tr. as turco-sogdian documents from 9th-10th century dunuang, corpus ınscriptionum ıranicarum part ıı, vol. ııı/ıv, london, 2015.
  
  nicholas sims-williams and bi bo, “sogdian documents from khotan, ı: four economic documents,” jaos 130/4, 2011, pp. 497-508.
  
  ıdea, “sogdian documents from khotan, ıı: letters and miscellaneous fragments,” jaos 135/2, 2015, pp. 261-282.
  
  prods oktor skjærvø, “aramaic scripts for ıranian languages,” in peter t. daniels and william bright, eds., the world's writing systems, new york, 1996, pp. 515-35.
  
  werner sundermann, “manichaean literature in ıranian languages,” in m. macuch and r. e. emmerick, eds., a history of persian literature xvıı. the literature of pre-ıslamic ıran, london, 2009, pp. 197-265.
  
  ıdem, die rede der lebendigen seele. ein manichäischer hymnenzyklus in mittelpersischer und soghdischer sprache, btt xxx, turnhout, 2012.
  
  ıdem, “on the growing turkicization of the sogdian language,” in e. a. csato, l. johanson, a. rona-tas, and b. utas, eds., turks and ıranians. ınteractions in language and history, wiesbaden, 2016, pp. 29-36.
  
  dieter weber, die stellung der sog. ınchoativa im mitteliranischen, doctoral diss., göttingen, 1970.
  
  ıdem, “also sprach mandri (bemerkingen zur direkten rede im sogdischen),” ındogermansiche forschungen 76, 1971, pp. 77-83.
  
  antje wendtland, “zu <h> in soghdischen,” göttinger beiträge zur sprachwissenschaft 1, 1998, pp. 101-10.
  
  ıdem, die entwickelung von demonstrativpronomen zu artikeln im sogdischen, wiesbaden, 2011.
  
  ılya yakubovitch, “mugh 1.ı revisited,” studia ıranica 31/2, 2002, pp. 231-53.
  
  ıdem, “the syntactic evolution of aramaic zy in sogdian,” studia ıranica 34/2, 2005, pp. 199-230.
  
  ıdem, “marriage sogdian style,” in heiner eichner et al., eds., ıranistik in europa — gestern, heute, morgen, vienna, 2006, pp. 307-44.
  
  yutaka yoshida, “on the sogdian infinitives,” journal of asian and african studies 18, 1979, pp. 181-95.
  
  ıdem, “kirisutokyou sogudogono hougenni tsuite” (on the dialectology of christian sogdian), oriento 23/1, 1980, pp. 83-93.
  
  ıdem, “karabarugasun hibunno dogudogobanni tsuite” (on the sogdian version of the kara balgasun inscription), bulletin of the society of western and southern asiatic studies, kyoto university 28, 1988, pp. 24-52.
  
  ıdem, “sogudomojide hyoukisareta kanjion” (chinese in sogdian script), the toho gakuho 66, 1994, pp. 271-380.
  
  ıdem, “sogudogo zatsuroku ıv” (sogdian miscellany ıv), studies on the ınner asian languages x, 1995, pp. 67-84 with plate ııı.
  
  ıdem, “the sogdian version of the new xi'an ınscription,” in étienne de la vaissière and éric trombert, eds., les sogdiens en chine, paris, 2005, pp. 57-72.
  
  ıdem, “sogudogono keigoni tsuite” (honorific and polite expressions in sogdian), in satoko shirai and masahiro shogaito, eds., philological studies on old central asian manuscripts, kyoto, 2006, pp. 81-94.
  
  ıdem, “sogdian,” in gernot windfuhr, ed., the ıranian languages, london, 2009a, pp. 279-335.
  
  ıdem, “buddhist literature in sogdian,” in maria macuch and ronald e. emmerick, eds., a history of persian literature xvıı. the literature of pre-ıslamic ıran, london, 2009b, pp. 288-329.
  
  ıdem, “minor moods in sogdian,” in kazuhiko yoshida and brent vine, eds., east and west. papers in ındo-european studies, bremen, 2009c, pp. 281-93.
  
  ıdem, “turco-sogdian features,” in werner sundermann, almut hintze, and françois de blois, eds., exegisti monumenta: festschrift in honour of nicholas sims-williams, ıranica 17, wiesbaden, 2009d, pp. 571-86.
  
  ıdem, “some new readings in the sogdian version of the karabalgasun ınscription,” in mehmet ölmez et al., eds., from ötüken to ıstanbul. 1290 years of turkish (720-2010), ıstanbul, 2011, pp. 77-86.
  
  ıdem, “sogudojinto kodaityurukuzoku tono kankeini kansuru mittsuno oboegaki” (three philological notes on the sogdo-turkish relationship), memoirs of the faculty of letters, kyoto university 50, 2011a, pp. 1-41.
  
  ıdem, “when did sogdians begin to write vertically?” tokyo university linguistic papers 31 (festschrift for prof. hiroshi kumamoto), 2013, pp. 375-94.
  
  yutaka yoshida and takao moriyasu, “kikushi koshoukoku jidai sogudobun onnadorei baibaimonnzyo” (a sogdian sale contract of a female slave from the period of the gaochang kingdom under the rule of qu clan), studies on the ınner asian languages 4, 1988, pp. 1-50.
• zamaninda ipek yolu guzergahinin ticaret lisaniydi. modern tacikce'nin atasi oldugu savlanmaktadir. "kent" kelimesi, turkce'ye bu dilden gecmistir.
• ayrıca türkçe'de harfleri ters alfabetik sıraya dizilmiş en uzun sözcük. (bkz: dekorsuz)
• kadın kelimesi bu dilden gelmektedir, katundan ayrıca...
• etimoloji sevdalılarının sıkça rast geldiği bir kadim dil.
• (bkz: bugut yazıtı)