düyun-ı umumiye

• financial times'da cikan, osmanli imparatorlugu'nun dis borclari ve duyun-u umumiye idaresi ile ilgili bir yazida, abd ve osmanli imparatorluklari arasinda paralellikler cizilmis. abd'ye dair gelecege donuk tahminler yapabilmek icin aradaki benzerlikleri pek gecerli ve yeterli bulmadim, ama vaktiyle osmanli borclarinin nasil arttigina ve bunun sonuclarina dair ilginc veriler var. "an ottoman warning for indebted america" baslikli bu yaziyi harvard'li iktisat tarihi profesoru niall ferguson kaleme almis:
  
  "...yet, on closer inspection, we are indeed living through a global shift in the balance of power very similar to that which occurred in the 1870s. this is the story of how an over-extended empire sought to cope with an external debt crisis by selling off revenue streams to foreign investors. the empire that suffered these setbacks in the 1870s was the ottoman empire. today it is the us.
  
  in the aftermath of the crimean war, both the sultan in constantinople and his egyptian vassal, the khedive, had begun to accumulate huge domestic and foreign debts. between 1855 and 1875, the ottoman debt increased by a factor of 28. as a percentage of expenditure, interest payments and amortisation rose from 15 per cent in 1860 to 50 per cent in 1875. the egyptian case was similar: between 1862 and 1876, the total public debt rose from e£3.3m to e£76m. the 1876 budget showed debt charges accounting for more than half of all expenditure.
  
  the loans had been made for both military and economic reasons: to support the ottoman military position during and after the crimean war and to finance railway and canal construction, including the building of the suez canal, which had opened in 1869. but a dangerously high proportion of the proceeds had been squandered on conspicuous consumption, symbolised by sultan abdul mejid’s luxurious dolmabahçe palace and the spectacular world premiere of aïda at the cairo opera house in 1871. in the wake of the financial crisis that struck the european and american stock markets in 1873, a middle eastern debt crisis was inevit­able. in october 1875 the ottoman government declared bankruptcy.
  
  the crisis had two distinct financial consequences: the sale of the khedive’s shares in the suez canal to the british government (for £4m, famously ad­vanced to disraeli by the rothschilds) and the hypothecation of certain ottoman tax revenues for debt service under the auspices of an international administration of the ottoman public debt, on which european bondholders were represented. the critical point is that the debt crisis necessitated the sale or transfer of middle eastern revenue streams to eur­opeans."
  
  yazinin tamami icin: http://www.ft.com/…b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html
  
  yukaridaki alintidan bazi notlar:
  
  1853 kirim savasi'nin ardindan osmanli'nin borcu 1855-1875 arasinda 28 kat artmis. faiz ve amortisman harcamalari butce giderlerinin %15'inden (1860) %50'sine (1875) yukselmis. 1862-1876 arasi donemde misir hidivligi'nin aldigi dis borclar ise 3.3 milyon sterlinden 76 milyona tirmanmis. borclar daha cok kirim savasi'ni, demiryollari yapimlarini ve suveys kanali insaasini fonlamak amaclariyla alinmis. ancak bu kredilerin onemli bir bolumu, sultan abdulmecit'in dolmabahce sarayi'ni yaptirmasi ve aida operasinin kahire'deki promiyeri gibi ozel tuketim projelerinde de harcanmis. osmanli hukumeti ekim 1875'te iflas ettigini aciklamis. bu ve bunu takip eden gelismeler uzerine borc geri odemelerini idare etmek ve gozetmek icin kurulan "uluslararasi" duyun-u umumiye idaresi (1881), osmanli imparatorlugu'nun vergi gelirlerine ipotek koymus. suveys kanali da 4 milyon sterline misir hidivligi tarafindan britanya'ya satilmis. ferguson'a gore 1873'te avrupa'da ve abd'de yasanan mali piyasa krizleri 1875'teki osmanli borc krizini kacinilmaz kilmis.
  
  (bkz: 1877 1878 osmanli rus savasi)
  (bkz: istikraz)
  (bkz: galata bankerleri) (bkz: rüsum-u sitte idaresi)
  
  http://derinanadolu.tripod.com/01-04-12-duyun2.htm
  http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=183884